Origin and people of kulung

The Kulung trace their lineage to the Mongol race and the broader family of Kiranti communities spread across eastern Nepal, claiming descent from the Kiranti ruler Khambu.[2] The early Kulung people migrated from the Tarai - the lowlands of Nepal and settled in the Hongu valley.[3] The ethno-linguistic region inhabited by the Kulungs is called the "Mahakulung" (Greater Kulung) is located in the Sagarmatha Zone.[1] It specifically refers to the Hongu valley, comprising of Gudel, Chheskam, Bung and Sotang, as well as villages in the Sankhuwasawa District and the valleys of the Hongu, Sangkhuwa and Siswa rivers.

According to the 2001 census in Nepal, the Kulung-speaking peoples number 18,686; other estimates state about 15,000 speakers.[4][1] There are tendencies of small communities considering themselves Kulung, but not necessarily belonging to the same origin; these are possibly absorbed into the wider Kulung peoples. The Kulung practise exogamous clan marriage and are protective in their language use.[4] Up to 50% of the population can understand the Nepali language at a basic level.[1] Only Kulung people who live on the border with other language groups speak other languages. The Kulung people are primarily engaged in agriculture, cultivating millet and maize, as well as being hunters and fishermen.[4] They practise traditional religion as well as Hinduism and Buddhism.[1] Unlike most Hindus and Buddhists in Nepal, the Kulung bury their dead instead of cremating.

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Language and grammar of kulung

Dialects of the Kulung language include Sotang (Sotaring, Sottaring), Mahakulung, Tamachhang, Pidisoi, Chhapkoa, Pelmung, Namlung and Khambu.[1] Kulung distinguishes between eight vowels and 11 diphthongs. There are three series of stops: dorso-velar, dental and labial, each serie having an unaspirated voiceless, aspirated voiceless and an unaspirated voiced variant. There are three voiced nasals, four approximants, one vibrant, one fricative and three affricates.[5]
In Kulung, a distinction can be made between the categories nouns, adjectives and personal pronouns. The 13 cases found in Kulung are absolutive, ergative, instrumental, genitive, vocative, and four different locatives (depending on deictic categories like 'up', 'down', etc.), comitative, ablative, elative and mediative.[5] Personal pronouns are distinguished for three persons, three numbers, and in the non-singular first person between inclusive and exclusive. Possessive pronouns appear as prefixes that may appear before the noun. Adjectives form a separate category in Kulung and are formed by the addition of an affix to a verb stem.[5]
The Kulung verb is characterised by a system of complex prominalistan, in which paradigmatic stem alternation is found. Personal endings consist of morphemes expressing notion like tense, agent, patient, number and exclusivity. Depending on the number of verbal stems and their position in the verbal paradigm, every verb in Kulung belongs to a certain conjugation type.[5] Complete conjugations of verbs belonging to the different conjugation types are presented in the second appendix. Like in other Kiranti languages, compound verbs are found in Kulung. These compound verbs consist of a verb stem and an auxiliary that adds semantic notions to the main verb. Other verbal constructions found in Kulung are a gerund, imperative, supine and an infinitive.[5]

Budget resources of kulung

Budget resources:Levies and membership fees from Kulung communities is the major source of budget. Some of the Kulung personalities have donated for specific program like scholarship, health, Office building and road construction and some of the specific programs as workshop/trainings. The ANKKLCD is also taking small grant support from government and non-governmental organisations occasionally. The financial transactions will be carried out through bank Accounts with joint signature of the Treasurer as compulsory and either of the President or the General Secretary.
Physical facilities/assetsThe ANKKLCD has its own office building at Panchkanya-5, Dharan. Two small buildings have been constructed with a large compound of 3 ropanies of land. Water, electricity facilities have been arranged in the office. Telephone, necessary office furniture including cupboards have been arranged. There are enough utensils for use during training, workshops, etc.
A religious forest has been developed and protected near by the office (385 meter away from office), which is situated at a small hill from which good scene of Dharan and other areas of terai can be seen. The forest area is about 10 bighas. Forest consists of differet valuable wood plants, fruits and fodders. A building with water, toilet, electricity facility has been constructed at the side of the forest. The ANKKLCD and the forest is connected with a moterable road with constructed in the initiation of ANKKLCD. A temple and worship place of Kulung community has been enshrined within the forest. The area also include a picnic spot, where people come from Sunsari and Morang for picnic on holidays. Small tracks are constructed to visit different places of the Jungle.

Working Strategy

Organising and mobilising the Kulung community to enable for claiming their rights is the major strategy of the ANKKLCD. For this, it has been conducting awareness campaign about the rights of the people and their obligation. It has also focussed on organisational development of the Kulung communities. Particularly, the ANKKLCD is providing support for their management capacity enhancement.
Establishment of network alliance is also a strategy for the campaign. Both internal network and network/alliances with other like minded organisations is also taken as a strategy for collective efforts.
Economic empowerment process is another strategy. Until and unless the community members are not well off, organisation development becomes uncertain/uncomplete. So it has been making efforts for access of the community development to resources . For this, the ANKKLCD is organising\arranging skill trainings, and looking for opportunities for linkages. Research/study will be carried out on the Kulung language, culture, arts, traditional knowledge and skills and efforts will be made towards development/ promotion of them. Protection and promotion of bio-diversity will be made among the Kulung communities’ for the development.
The ANKKLCD does not implement its program activities directly through the central level. Instead, it implements through the respective local committee (village unit or district committees) with direct involvement of local people from the very begining. This process is expected to support the local peoples’ capacity enhancement.

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Kulung Community and situation:

The Kulungs are one of the indigenous communities of Nepal, having their own language, culture, history and tradition. The have their own social structure for their whole social life cycle. They are endogamous in particular. It had its own economic activities within the group prior to the modernization. Their traditional land is in one of the remotest part of the country is called Mahakulung. Presently Mahakulung is known as Bung, Chheskam, Gudel and Sotang VDCs which fall under the Solukhumbu district in the eastern part of Nepal. At present, the Kulung communities are living in 22 districts of Nepal. However, the major settlements are Solukhumbu, Sankhuwasabha, Bhojpur, Khotang, Sunsari, Morang, Jhapa, Ilam, Tehrathum and Kathmandu. The total population of the Kulungs is estimated in the region of 150,000 - 200,000.
Kulung community is one of the most marginalised ethnic groups in the country. As this community is resided in the remote hilly areas, the basic infrastructures and services like motorable roads, electricity, clean drinking water, education, communication and health services are not avaiable to them. The majority of the Kulungs are depended on traditional agriculture. Due to the unproductive land conditions, they are not able to produce adequate food from their farms. They do not have education and therefore have no access to productive resources and decision making process. They are compelled to migrate in search of potering and agriculture labour for their livelihood .
Atrer the restoration of multi-party democracy in Nepal, the government has established National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN) under the NFDIN Act-2058 with the aim of mainstreaming the marginalised ethnic groups. The NFDIN, an autonomous body is established under the Ministry of Local Development being registered as a separae group under the special programmes for the development of indigenous nationalities chaired by the Prime Minister. The Kulung community has adequate bases for NFDIN Act-2058. Because it has been denied registration to establish its identity as the “Kulung Community”, reason, the Kulung community has been continously deprived of the development opportunities. The ANKKLCD is continously making efforts towards its solution.

History The Kulung ethnic group

History The Kulung ethnic group belongs to the Mongol dynasty of human races and in the descendent of Khambu of the greater Kirat dynasty. Khambu had four sons: Khapdulu, Ratapkhu, Tamsi and Chhemsi, and the Kulungs are believed to have there from as then ancestor. Of these four, Khapdulu whent on to Pilmong thorough Hungu from Rawakhola, Ratapkhu to Pomlalung through Darshandhunga, Chhemsi to Chhemsi through Hulu and Tamai to Chheskam through Hulu. The Rawakhola (Rawa river) is situated in South West of the Hungu Valley and is a tributary of the Doodhkoshi. At present, the Rawa river is in the district of Sankhuwasabha.
The Historical Land The historical land of the Kulungs is the Mahakulung or the Greater Kulung area. In the map of present Nepal, the Mahakulung area refers to the Valley Comprising Gudel, Chheskam, Bung and Sotang VDCs. The Mahakulung area, according to researcher McDouglus, is formed by the inclusion of the entire Hongu Valley and the areas around it in the Kulung Community area (McDouglus p.19). The Hungu Valley is, in fact, a pass (george) formed being in undated by the Hungu river. The Hungu, which is combined with the Doodhkoshi on its northeastern upper part, in a tributary river. This river, in the further east, flows down as the Arun river in the form of an outlet of the Sankhuwa and Sisuwa rivers.

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